Respostas:
Se você tiver a funcionalidade de memória virtual ativada (nova na versão 2.0 ou 2.2, eu acho), o Redis começará a armazenar os dados "usados com menos frequência" em disco quando a memória acabar.
Se a memória virtual no Redis estiver desabilitada, parece que a memória virtual do sistema operacional começa a se esgotar (ou seja, troca) e o desempenho cai tremendamente.
Agora, você também pode configurar o Redis com um parâmetro maxmemory, que evita que o Redis use mais memória (o padrão).
As versões mais recentes do Redis têm várias políticas quando maxmemory é atingido:
Se você escolher uma política que remove apenas chaves com um EXPIRE definido, quando o Redis ficar sem memória, parece que o programa apenas aborta a operação malloc (). Ou seja, se você tentar armazenar mais dados, a operação falhará terrivelmente.
Alguns links para mais informações (já que você não deve acreditar apenas na minha palavra):
De redis.conf , versão 2.8
# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU cache, or to set
# a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# maxmemory <bytes>
# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key according to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
# operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.
#
# At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append
# incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
# sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
# zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
# getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy volatile-lru
maxmemory-policy
no Redis 3.2 agora é noeviction
: raw.githubusercontent.com/antirez/redis/3.2/redis.conf
Atualizar redis 4.0
127.0.0.1:6379> MEMORY HELP
1) "MEMORY DOCTOR - Outputs memory problems report"
2) "MEMORY USAGE <key> [SAMPLES <count>] - Estimate memory usage of key"
3) "MEMORY STATS - Show memory usage details"
4) "MEMORY PURGE - Ask the allocator to release memory"
5) "MEMORY MALLOC-STATS - Show allocator internal stats"
/usr/local/etc/redis.conf
############################## MEMORY MANAGEMENT ################################
# Set a memory usage limit to the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU or LFU cache, or to
# set a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# maxmemory <bytes>
# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> Evict using approximated LRU among the keys with an expire set.
# allkeys-lru -> Evict any key using approximated LRU.
# volatile-lfu -> Evict using approximated LFU among the keys with an expire set.
# allkeys-lfu -> Evict any key using approximated LFU.
# volatile-random -> Remove a random key among the ones with an expire set.
# allkeys-random -> Remove a random key, any key.
# volatile-ttl -> Remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> Don't evict anything, just return an error on write operations.
#
# LRU means Least Recently Used
# LFU means Least Frequently Used
#
# Both LRU, LFU and volatile-ttl are implemented using approximated
# randomized algorithms.
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
# operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction.
#
# At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append
# incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
# sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
# zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
# getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy noeviction
# LRU, LFU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated
# algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can tune it for speed or
# accuracy. For default Redis will check five keys and pick the one that was
# used less recently, you can change the sample size using the following
# configuration directive.
#
# The default of 5 produces good enough results. 10 Approximates very closely
# true LRU but costs more CPU. 3 is faster but not very accurate.
#
# maxmemory-samples 5
Recentemente comecei a ler sobre o Redis, então não tenho certeza. Mas, encontrei alguns boatos que podem ser úteis.
Aqui está um snippet de http://antirez.com/post/redis-as-LRU-cache.html :
Outra forma de usar o Redis como cache é a diretiva maxmemory, um recurso que permite especificar a quantidade máxima de memória a ser usada. Quando novos dados são adicionados ao servidor, e o limite de memória já foi atingido, o servidor irá remover alguns dados antigos excluindo uma chave volátil, ou seja, uma chave com EXPIRE (um tempo limite) definido, mesmo que a chave ainda esteja longe de expirar automaticamente.
Além disso, o Redis 2.0 tem um modo VM em que todas as chaves devem caber na memória, mas os valores das chaves raramente usadas podem estar no disco:
Se você está se perguntando o que o Redis (2.8) realmente responde quando atinge o máximo definido por sua configuração, é assim:
$ redis-cli
127.0.0.1:6379> GET 5
"bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"
127.0.0.1:6379> SET 5 a
(error) OOM command not allowed when used memory > 'maxmemory'.
Recentemente, experimentei uma situação de falta de memória livre e meu aplicativo parou (gravações não são possíveis, leituras são possíveis), a execução de scripts PHP parou no meio do caminho e teve que ser feito kill -9
manualmente (mesmo depois que a memória foi disponibilizado).
Presumi que tivesse ocorrido perda de dados (ou inconsistência de dados), então fiz um flushdb
e restaurei os backups. Lição aprendida? Os backups são seus amigos.
O Redis não é um cache como o memcached, por padrão (onde o maxmemory-policy
parâmetro é definido como noeviction
) todos os dados que você coloca no redis não serão removidos, a única exceção é o uso de EXPIRE.