A esfera de Bloch pode ser generalizada para dois qubits?


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A esfera de Bloch é uma boa visualização de estados de qubit único. Matematicamente, pode ser generalizado para qualquer número de qubits por meio de uma hiperesfera de alta dimensão. Mas essas coisas não são fáceis de visualizar.

Que tentativas foram feitas para estender as visualizações baseadas na esfera de Bloch a dois qubits?


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relacionada em physics.SE: physics.stackexchange.com/q/41223/58382
GLS

Respostas:


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Para estados puros, existe uma maneira razoavelmente simples de criar uma "esfera de bloco de 2 qubit" . Você basicamente usa a decomposição de Schmidt para dividir seu estado em dois casos: não enredado e totalmente enredado. Para a parte não emaranhada, basta usar duas esferas de bloco. E então a parte emaranhada é isomórfica ao conjunto de rotações possíveis no espaço 3D (a rotação é como você traduz medidas em um qubit em previsões no outro qubit). Isso fornece uma representação com oito parâmetros reais:

1) Um valor real w entre 0 e 1 indicando o peso de não entrelaçado vs totalmente entrelaçado.

2 + 3) O vetor de bloco unitário não emaranhado para o qubit 1.

4 + 5) O vetor de bloco não-emaranhado para qubit 2.

6 + 7 + 8) A rotação totalmente entrelaçada.

Aqui está como é que você mostra a parte de rotação como "onde os eixos XY e Z são mapeados" e, além disso, dimensiona os eixos com w para que fique maior quanto mais emaranhado você estiver:

vista emaranhada

(O salto no meio é devido a uma degeneração numérica no meu código.)

Para estados mistos, tive um pouco de sucesso mostrando o envelope de vetores bloch previsto para o qubit 2, considerando todas as medidas possíveis do qubit 1. Isso é assim:

envelope de estado misto

Mas observe que a) essa representação de 'envelope' não é simétrica (um dos qubits é o controle e o outro é o alvo) eb) embora pareça bonito, não é algebricamente compacto.

Essa exibição está disponível na ramificação alternativa de exibição de entrelaçamento de dev do Quirk. Se você conseguir seguir as instruções de construção, poderá jogar diretamente com ele.


8

jSU(2)2j+1jSvocê(2)Svocê(2)Svocê(2) espaços de representação fundamental.

2j+1 pode ser representado por 2jpontos na esfera de Bloch. O vetor de estado pode ser reconstruído a partir do2j Vetores de spin (bidimensionais) do 2j pontos por um produto tensorial simétrico.

Dado um vetor de estado em um 2j+1espaço Hilbert dimensional (consulte Liu, Fu e Wang , seção 2.1)

|ψ=m=-jjCm|j,m,
As localizações dos pontos correspondentes (as estrelas de Majorana) na esfera de Bloch são dadas pelas raízes da equação:
k=02j(1)kCjk(2jk)!k!z2jk=0.

(The parametrization is by means of the stereographic projection coordinate z=tanθeiϕ (θ, ϕ are the spherical coordinates))

One application of this representation to quantum computation, is in the visualization of the trajectories giving rise to geometric phases, which serve as the gates in holonomic quantum computation. These trajectories are reflected as trajectories of the Majorana stars on the Bloch spheres and the geometric phases can be computed from the solid angles enclosed by these trajectories. Please see Liu and Fu's work on Abelian geometric phases. A treatment of some non-Abelian cases is given by Liu Roy and Stone.

Finally, let me remark that there are many geometric representations relevant to quantum computation, but they are multidimensional and may be not useful in general as visualization tools. Please see for example Bernatska and Holod treating coadjoint orbits which can serve as phase spaces of the finite dimensional Hilbert spaces used in quantum computation. The Grassmannian which parametrizes the ground state manifold of adiabatic quantum Hamiltonians is a particular example of these spaces.


I know they are time consuming to find or make, but is there any chance you could illustrate this answer with such visualisations? Perhaps an example of a CNOT gate?
Phil H

In general, a unitary transformation of a state will move its constellation to new locations such that the coordinate of a star in the final state depends algebraically on all the coordinates of all stars in the initial state. However, in simple cases, we can perform the computation by a simple inspection. Please see for example Bengtsson and Życzkowski: researchgate.net/profile/Karol_Zyczkowski/publication/… page 103, figure 4.7,
David Bar Moshe

cont. where for example, the CNOT gate action on a state with three stars at the north pole shifts one of the stars to the south pole while keeping the other two stars in place.
David Bar Moshe

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For more than 1-qubit visualization, we will need more complex visualizations than a Bloch sphere. The below answer from Physics Stack Exchange explains this concept quite authoritatively:

Bloch sphere for 2 and more qubits

In another article, the two qubit representation is described as a seven-dimensional sphere, S 7, which also allows for a Hopf fibration, with S 3 fibres and a S 4 base. The most striking result is that suitably oriented S 7 Hopf fibrations are entanglement sensitive.

Geometry of entangled states, Bloch spheres and Hopf fibrations

Having said that, a Bloch sphere based approach is quite useful even to model the behavior of qubits in a noisy environment. There has been analysis of the two-qubit system by use of the generalized Bloch vector to generate tractable analytic equations for the dynamics of the four-level Bloch vectors. This is based on the application of geometrical concepts from the well-known two-level Bloch sphere.

We can find that in the presence of correlated or anti-correlated noise, the rate of decoherence is very sensitive to the initial two-qubit state, as well as to the symmetry of the Hamiltonian. In the absence of symmetry in the Hamiltonian, correlations only weakly impact the decoherence rate:

Bloch-sphere approach to correlated noise in coupled qubits

There is another interesting research article on the representation of the two-qubit pure state parameterized by three unit 2-spheres and a phase factor.For separable states, two of the three unit spheres are the Bloch spheres of each qubit with coordinates (A,A) and (B,B). The third sphere parameterises the degree and phase of concurrence, an entanglement measure.

This sphere may be considered a ‘variable’ complex imaginary unit t where the stereographic projection maps the qubit-A Bloch sphere to a complex plane with this variable imaginary unit. This Bloch sphere model gives a consistent description of the two-qubit pure states for both separable and entangled states.

As per this hypothesis, the third sphere (entanglement sphere) parameterizes the nonlocal properties, entanglement and a nonlocal relative phase, while the local relative phases are parameterized by the azimuthal angles, A and B, of the two quasi-Bloch spheres.

Bloch sphere model for two


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Would it be possible to expand a bit on these remarks? Rather than linking to these articles, it would be good to describe the relevant ideas in some detail to keep the answer self-contained. (Also, in your third answer in this post, the symbols are not rendering properly...)
Niel de Beaudrap

Near "the azimuthal angles": What is it before "A" and "B"? Firefox shows it as "F066". Also near "qubit with coordinates", before A and B (four in total), two of them "F071"?
Peter Mortensen

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We have some multiqubit visualizations within Q-CTRL's Black Opal package.

These are all fully interactive and are designed to help build intuition about correlations in interacting two-qubit systems.

The two Bloch spheres represent the relevant separable states of two qubits. The tetrahedra in the middle visually capture correlations between certain projections of the two qubits. When there is no entanglement, the Bloch vectors live entirely on the surfaces of the respective spheres. However, a fully entangled state lives exclusively in the space of correlations in this representation. The extrema of these spaces will always be maximally entangled states like Bell states, but maximally entangled states can also reside within multiple tetrahedra simultaneously.

enter image description here


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Would you be able to describe these representations? It would be nice if you could expand this into a self-contained answer.
Niel de Beaudrap

edited to add further material.
Michael Biercuk

Thanks @MichaelBiercuk, and good to see you here.
James Wootton

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