Na debsums
página do manual:
apt-get install --reinstall $(dpkg -S $(debsums -c) | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u)
Reinstalls packages with changed files.
Acabei de executar isso no meu sistema porque o conteúdo do disco foi corrompido aleatoriamente enquanto eu estava experimentando um sistema operacional beta. Aqui está o que eu fiz (e parece ter funcionado bem):
Primeiro, instalei 'debsums' e executei-o para verificar se havia arquivos corrompidos no meu sistema:
$ sudo apt-get install debsums
$ sudo debsums_init
$ sudo debsums -cs
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ssh
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/actions/cheese-take-photo.svg
/usr/share/gnome/help/gnumeric/C/files-textopen.xml
/usr/share/dbus-1/services/indicator-sound.service
/lib/modules/3.11.0-12-generic/kernel/drivers/mtd/ubi/ubi.ko
Como você pode ver, eu tenho cinco arquivos corrompidos, por isso preciso reinstalá-los. Foi assim que encontrei quais pacotes contêm os arquivos corrompidos:
$ sudo debsums -c | xargs -rd '\n' -- dpkg -S | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u
bash-completion
cheese-common
gnumeric-doc
indicator-sound
linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic
Em seguida, reparei a corrupção reinstalando os pacotes danificados:
$ xargs -rd '\n' -a <(sudo debsums -c | xargs -rd '\n' -- dpkg -S | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u) -- sudo apt-get install -f --reinstall --
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
linux-image-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 5 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 43.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main bash-completion all 1:2.0-1ubuntu3 [173 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main cheese-common all 3.8.3-0ubuntu1 [2,929 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/universe gnumeric-doc all 1.12.6-1 [7,295 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic i386 3.11.0-12.19 [33.5 MB]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main indicator-sound i386 12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1 [55.7 kB]
Fetched 43.9 MB in 10min 23s (70.4 kB/s)
(Reading database ... 174913 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to replace bash-completion 1:2.0-1ubuntu3 (using .../bash-completion_1%3a2.0-1ubuntu3_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement bash-completion ...
Preparing to replace cheese-common 3.8.3-0ubuntu1 (using .../cheese-common_3.8.3-0ubuntu1_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement cheese-common ...
Preparing to replace gnumeric-doc 1.12.6-1 (using .../gnumeric-doc_1.12.6-1_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement gnumeric-doc ...
Preparing to replace linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic 3.11.0-12.19 (using .../linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic_3.11.0-12.19_i386.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic ...
Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d .
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Preparing to replace indicator-sound 12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1 (using .../indicator-sound_12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement indicator-sound ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:i386 ...
No such key 'auto-launch' in schema 'com.ubuntu.update-notifier' as specified in override file '/usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/20_xubuntu-default-settings.gschema.override'; ignoring override for this key.
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...
Setting up bash-completion (1:2.0-1ubuntu3) ...
Setting up cheese-common (3.8.3-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up gnumeric-doc (1.12.6-1) ...
Setting up linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic (3.11.0-12.19) ...
Running depmod.
update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
Not updating initrd symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled
(3.11.0-12.19 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Not updating image symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled
(3.11.0-12.19 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/pm-utils 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-14-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-14-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-12-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin
Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sda1
done
Setting up indicator-sound (12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1) ...
Por fim, verifiquei para garantir que nenhum arquivo corrompido permaneça:
$ sudo debsums -c
Não houve saída deste comando, o que significa que nenhum erro foi encontrado. :-)
Uma observação final: você também deve verificar os arquivos de configuração dos seus pacotes para garantir que eles estejam OK. Isso pode ser mais difícil porque os arquivos de configuração geralmente mudam e as alterações são legítimas; portanto, você precisará inspecionar manualmente cada arquivo de configuração alterado para determinar se ele está realmente corrompido. É assim que você obtém uma lista de arquivos de configuração alterados:
$ sudo debsums -as
debsums: changed file /etc/gnome/defaults.list (from desktop-file-utils package)
debsums: changed file /etc/default/rcS (from initscripts package)
debsums: changed file /etc/subuid (from login package)
debsums: changed file /etc/subgid (from login package)
debsums: changed file /etc/sudoers (from sudo package)